A 2023
report published by the International Energy Agency, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UNEP-convened Climate and Clean Air Coalition found that in the fossil fuel sector alone, where reductions are overwhelmingly cost-effective and readily available, targeted action could avert nearly 1 million premature deaths from ozone pollution, 90 million tons of crop losses and about 85 billion hours of lost labor from heat exposure by 2050, all while providing roughly US$260 billion in direct economic benefit.